Devices and methods of manufacturing; for emitting substantially white
light using a photonic crystal are described. The photonic crystal has a
lattice of air holes and is made from a substrate containing quantum
dots. The substrate is etched with three defects that are optically
coupled together so that each emits only certain frequencies of light. In
combination, the defects can produce substantially white light. The
parameters of the photonic crystal are dimensioned so as to cause the
coupling between the defects to produce substantially white light.