A vertical-cavity, surface-emission-type laser diode includes an optical cavity formed of an active region sandwiched by upper and lower reflectors, wherein the lower reflector is formed of a distributed Bragg reflector and a non-optical recombination elimination layer is provided between an active layer in the active region and the lower reflector.

 
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< Photosensitive member and image forming apparatus having the same

> Magnetic disk apparatus

> Split image-forming method and device and split image-printing method and device for tape printing apparatus

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