Described are preferred electrode structures which desirably include multiple
thin conductive layers stably bonded to an electrode substrate through a bonding
layer. Also described are preferred electrode structures which include reinforcing
carbon layers, which include an embrittlement-sensitive material and a protective
oxygen-free copper layer, and which include at least one thin metal layer including
a bamboo grain pattern. Additional embodiments of the invention include electric
cells incorporating such electrode structures, and methods for their operation.
