In a copier which is an image-forming apparatus comprising a photoconductor 1, a developing apparatus 4, transfer apparatus 5 which transfers a toner image formed on the photoconductor 1 to a transfer material by heat and pressure using a transfer roller 52, and a fixing apparatus which fixes the toner image transferred to the transfer material, on the transfer material, a heater 56, temperature detection apparatus 57 and temperature control apparatus are provided which controls the temperature to within a range of from the glass transition temperature (Tg) to the softening temperature (Tm) of the toner, and lower than the fixing temperature of the fixing apparatus 7.

 
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< Method of supercritical processing of a workpiece

> Exposure apparatus including a non-contact utilities transfer assembly

> Selectively converted inter-layer dielectric

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