A photonic crystal having a structure of which the refractive index changes with
a periodicity defined in a polar coordinate system is disclosed. And an optical
waveguide element comprising said photonic crystal, optical inlet and outlet regions
on the surface of said photonic crystal, and a defect region of incomplete photonic
crystal periodicity formed within said photonic crystal is disclosed. The defect
region functions as an optical waveguide path by guiding from the inlet region
to the outlet region an optical signal incapable of propagating through the photonic
band gap of the photonic crystal.