Servo controlled solenoids provide actuation of a pump piston and valves, and
electronic LC resonance measurements to determine liquid volume and gas bubble
volume. Third order nonlinear servo control is split into nested control loops:
a fast nonlinear first-order inner loop causing flux to track a target by varying
a voltage output, and a slower almost linear second-order outer loop causing magnetic
gap to track a target by controlling the flux target or the inner loop. The inner
loop uses efficient switching regulation, preferably based on controlled feedback
instabilities, to control voltage output. The outer loop achieves damping and accurate
convergence using proportional, time-integral, and time-derivative gain terms.
The time-integral feedback may be based on measured and target solenoid drive currents,
adjusting the magnetic gap for force balance at the target current.