A gated metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) gain cell
is
formed with a flow channel for molecule flow. The flow channel is formed under
the gate, and between a source and drain of the transistor. The molecule flow modulates
a gain of the transistor. Current flowing between the source and drain is representative
of charges on the molecules flowing through the flow channel. A plurality of individually
addressable gain cells are coupled between chambers containing samples to measure
charges on molecules in the samples passing through the gain cells.