A diffractive optical element includes a first diffractive optical part having a phase type diffractive grating, and a second diffractive optical part having a phase type diffractive grating formed of a material differing from that of the first diffractive optical part. The first diffractive optical part and the second diffractive optical part are disposed in proximity to each other with an air layer. Each of the first diffractive optical part and the second diffractive optical part has a mark for aligning them with the optical effective areas thereof.