The present patent application relates to a cosmetic and/or dermatological composition comprising at least one aqueous phase including at least one water-soluble or water-dispersible polymer, of triblock structure B-A-B in which A is an ionic water-soluble polymer block and B is a hydrophobic polymer block, the amount of polymer block A being greater than or equal to 50% of the total weight of the triblock polymer. The invention also relates to the use of the said composition, especially in cosmetics for caring for, cleansing, protecting and/or making up the skin, keratin fibers and/or mucous membranes.