Light emitting devices having blocking layers comprising one or more metal
complexes are provided. The blocking layers may serve to block electrons, holes,
and/or excitons. Preferably, the devices further comprise a separate emissive layer
in which charge and/or excitons are confined. Metal complexes suitable for blocking
layers can be selected by comparison of HOMO and LUMO energy levels of materials
comprising adjacent layers in devices of the present invention.