Fuel cell cathodes and instant startup fuel cells employing the cathodes. The cathodes operate through the valency change mechanism of redox couples which uniquely provide multiple degrees of freedom in selecting the operating voltages available for such fuel cells. Such cathodes provide the fuel cells in which they are used a "buffer" or "charge" of oxidizer available within the cathode at all times.

 
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> Composite material and current collector for battery

> Groundwater and subsurface remediation

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