A method of manufacturing a photonic crystal has the step of:

• a first step of providing a predetermined film for which a photonic crystal is manufactured; and
• a second step of irradiating predetermined particles or electromagnetic waves onto a mask having passage sections arrayed based on a cyclic structure predetermined for each region and a mask substrate to hold the passage sections,
• wherein the mask is constructed so that (a) when the particles are irradiated in the second step, the particles substantially pass through only the passage sections or (b) when the electromagnetic waves are irradiated in the second step, an energy density difference is produced on the film due to a diffraction effect based on the cyclic structure,
• the direction of the array corresponds to the direction of a fundamental grating vector of the photonic crystal, and
• the direction corresponding to the direction of at least one the fundamental grating vector in the each region is consistent throughout all the regions.