An ellipsometer with a variable retarder, which introduces a spatial dependence in the beam, includes a polarizing beam splitter to produce two beams with orthogonal polarization states. The beam splitter may be, e.g., a polarizing displacer or polarizing beam splitter. The intensities of the two beams are measured, e.g., using separate detectors or separate detector elements in an array. The intensity from the two beams may be summed and used as a reference to normalize intensity of the produced beam.

 
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< Protein HDPBQ71

< Driving scheme and electronic circuitry for the LCD electrooptical switching element

> Electrophoretic display with thermal control

> Capsules, materials for use therein and electrophoretic media and displays containing such capsules

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