A thermoelectric module is constituted by a pair of substrates having electrodes, which are arranged opposite to each other with a prescribed space therebetween, in which a prescribed number of thermoelectric elements are arranged in such a way that a p-type and an n-type are alternately arranged, so that the thermoelectric elements are connected in series or in parallel together with the electrodes. Herein, one substrate is a heat absorption side, and other substrate is a heat radiation side. In addition, a current density in a current transmission area of the heat-absorption-side electrode is set to 50 A/mm.sup.2 or less, and a height of the thermoelectric element is set to 0.7 mm or less. Furthermore, a temperature-controlled semiconductor module can be realized by combining a thermoelectric module with a semiconductor component such as a semiconductor laser.