The present invention is long-term cultures of avian PGCs and techniques to produce germline chimeric and transgenic birds derived from prolonged PGC cultures. In some embodiments, these PGCs can be transfected with genetic constructs to modify the DNA of the PGC, specifically to introduce a transgene encoding an exogenous protein. When combined with a host avian embryo by known procedures, those modified PGCs produce germline chimeric birds. These germline chimeric birds do not have PGC derived somatic cells or tissues. This invention includes compositions comprising long-term cultures of PGCs that can be genetically modified by gene targeting, that can accept large amounts of foreign DNA and that contribute to the germline of recipient embryos.