Apparatus for analysis of a complex system comprising elements to
determine the effective elements of a system in carrying out a given
task, the apparatus comprising: a sampler for carrying out successive
silencing operations comprising silencing elements and combinations of
elements of the system and measuring results of the given task, a
predictor for providing predictions for predicting results for the given
task for further element silencing combinations, and a contributions
calculator for using said measured results and said predicted results to
generate Shapley value predictions for said elements as indicators of an
effectiveness of a respective element in carrying out the given task.