A perpendicular magnetic recording medium has a substrate, a soft magnetic underlayer formed on the substrate, arrayed soft magnetic dots formed on the soft magnetic underlayer, and a ferromagnetic recording layer formed on the soft magnetic dots and having magnetic anisotropy in a direction perpendicular to a surface of the substrate.

 
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> Ceramics comprising Al.sub.2O.sub.3, Y.sub.2O.sub.3, ZrO.sub.2 and/or HfO.sub.2, and Nb.sub.2O.sub.5 and/or Ta.sub.2O.sub.5 and methods of making the same
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