The invention relates to isolated polynucleotides from Corynebacterium
glutamicum which are useful in the regulation of gene expression. In
particular, the invention relates to isolated polynucleotides comprising
C.glutamicum promoters which may be used to regulate, i.e., either
increase or decrease, gene expression. In certain embodiments, isolated
promoter sequences of the present invention regulate gene expression
through the use of exogenous or endogenous induction. The invention
further provides recombinant vectors and recombinant cells comprising
isolated polynucleotides of the present invention, preferably in operable
association with heterologous genes. Also provided are methods of
regulating bacterial gene expression comprising growth of a recombinant
cell of the present invention. In particular, the present invention
provides methods to regulate genes involved in amino acid production
comprising growth of a recombinant cell of the present invention. In
certain embodiments, the present invention provides methods of regulating
gene expression in bacteria, particularly Corynebacterium species,
especially of the genus Corynebacterium, comprising fermentation growth
of a recombinant cell of the present invention, where metabolite
concentrations, temperature, or oxygen levels are manipulated to regulate
gene expression.