The leakage current due to a parasitic PNP bipolar transistor in the PMOS switching transistor of a synchronous boost DC-to-DC switching regulator is substantially eliminated by placing the input voltage on the body of the PMOS switching transistor when the input voltage is greater than the output voltage, and placing the output voltage on the body of the PMOS switching transistor when the input voltage is less than the output voltage.

 
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> System and method for determining and balancing state of charge among series connected electrical energy storage units

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