The invention provides a vaccine composition and a method of preparation
including the steps of: forming a water-in-oil emulsion including an
alginate in water, an oil, an antigen, and either (a) a cellulose ether
and at least one nonionic surfactant or (b) a PEO-PPO-PEO triblock
copolymer surfactant and at least one nonionic surfactant; followed by
crosslinking the alginate in the emulsion with at least two cations
selected from the group consisting of aluminum, barium, calcium, lithium,
manganese, strontium, and zinc, to form antigen-containing, crosslinked
alginate microparticles; and harvesting the microparticles. Another
aspect of the invention is a method of vaccinating a vertebrate species
including the step of administering to the species a vaccine composition
prepared according to the method of the invention. The compositions of
the invention have improved antigen loading, reduced microparticle size,
increased hydrophobicity, improved uptake by antigen sampling cells,
controlled antigen release characteristics, and improved immunogenicity.