Techniques sense a back-emf voltage from a brushed permanent magnet motor. Such techniques can be used for a variety of purposes, such as to estimate the current that is being applied to the motor, to estimate the motor's velocity, position, torque, and the like. One aspect of the invention includes the deactivation of power applied to the motor, and the monitoring of the back-emf of the voltage while power is not applied.

 
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> Position calculation system for mobile robot and charging-stand return system and method using the same

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