An RLP (Radio Link Protocol) frame receiving method transmits an RLP frame entirely and quickly in consideration of a radio environment in a mobile communication system. The method discriminates an error frame from the received RLP frame, measures a degree of loss of the received RLP frame and compares the measured degree of loss with a reference value when the error frame is detected. XID parameters (Exchange Identification Parameters) set during an initial stage of reception are varied on the basis of a comparison result and retransmission is then requested of the RLP frame corresponding to the error frame on the basis of the varied XID parameters.