An integrated battery by incorporating battery elements, supercapscitors
elements, and miniaturized electronic controllers within a single housing
is devised. The supercapacitors provide a load leveling for the battery
elements at both charging and discharging. So long as the rated working
voltage of supercapacitor is complied, the capacitor can be charged with
charging currents of any magnitude. Then, the energy stored in the
supercapacitors can be transferred from the capacitors to the batteries
resulted in fast charging and energy conservation. With load leveling
provided by the supercapacitors, the batteries are set to constantly
discharge at 1C or lower rates and their residual energy near the end of
discharge cycle can become useful as well. Therefore, the service run
time, cycle life, and energy utilization of the batteries integrated are
improved. In addition, the supercapacitor can be a built-in actuator to
provide powers to in-cell air management systems for generating air draft
inside metal-air batteries and fuel cells to increase their shelf life
and power density.