Embodiments include selectively expandable composite structures useful as spinal arthroplasty devices such as intervertebral disc prostheses. The structures may comprise an outer shell comprised of a non-hydrogel polymer material. The structures also may comprise at least one core positioned within the outer shell. The core may be comprised of a hydrophilic polymer. The core may expand upon hydration, thereby deforming the outer shell. The selectively expandable composite structures may be implanted in a dehydrated form and then expand during re-hydration following implantation.