Apparatus and methods for electrocardiogram measurement. A first (504) and second (506) electrode are disposed on a first non-conductive pad (502) and independently represent any one of the V.sub.1, V.sub.2, V.sub.3, V.sub.4, V.sub.5, or V.sub.6 precordial positions. A third electrode (510) disposed on a second non-conductive pad (508) is a right arm (RA) electrode and is positioned on or close to the right arm of a subject. A fourth electrode is disposed on a third non-conductive pad and is a left arm (LA) electrode that is positioned on or close to the left arm of the subject. A fifth electrode is disposed on a fourth non-conductive pad and is a left leg (LL) electrode that is positioned on or close to the left leg of the subject. An electrocardiological measuring apparatus is in electrical communication with the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth electrodes. The electrocardiological measuring apparatus measures a unipolar lead or an augmented lead at a first time interval and a bipolar lead at a second time interval.