Disclosed are a variety of peptide conjugates represented by the following general formula: R.sub.1-Z-X-Z'-R.sub.2 including methods of making and using such conjugates. Also provided are antibodies that specifically bind the peptide conjugates. The present invention has a wide spectrum of important applications including use in the treatment of disorders impacted by nociceptin and related opioid-like peptides.

 
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> Surfaces that resist the adsorption of biological species

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