One embodiment of the invention is a method for void-free filling with a
metal or an alloy inside openings by electrochemical deposition (ECD),
said method including steps of: (a) providing a substrate with at least
one opening and a field surrounding the at least one opening, said at
least one opening having a bottom and sidewalls surfaces, said substrate
including an electrically conductive surface, said conductive surface
including at least the bottom surface of the at least one opening; (b)
immersing the substrate in an electrolyte contained in an electrochemical
deposition (ECD) cell, the ECD cell including at least one anode and a
cathode, wherein the cathode including at least a portion of the
conductive surface of the substrate, and wherein the electrolyte includes
plating metallic ions and at least one inhibitor additive, said metallic
ions and at least one inhibitor additive having concentrations; (c)
providing agitation of the electrolyte across the surface of the
substrate immersed in the electrolyte, wherein the agitation of the
electrolyte includes moving one or more wiping blades, or one or more
wiping pads, or one or more wiping brushes, relative to the substrate
and/or moving the substrate relative to one or more wiping brushes, or
relative to one or more wiping pads, or relative to one or more wiping
blades, said agitation having a strength; and (d) applying electrical
current between the at least one anode and the cathode to generate an
average electroplating current density of at least 20 mA/cm.sup.2,
wherein the strength of the agitation and the concentration of the
metallic ions are adequate to produce void-free filling of the at least
one opening.