A multiple stage method of electrolessly depositing a metal layer is
presented. This method may have the two main stages of first forming a
thin metal layer on a metal surface using an electroless plating solution
containing activating agents that are highly reactive reducing agents,
and second, forming a bulk metal layer over the thin metal layer by using
an electroless plating solution containing mildly reactive reducing
agents. Through this two stage method, the use of highly reactive
reducing agents that may cause the formation of contaminant particles may
be minimized. By minimizing the formation of contaminant particles in the
electroless plating solution, the lifetime of the solution may be
extended and the current leakage between metal interconnect lines may be
reduced.