Compounds represented by the following general formula: ##STR00001## [wherein X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3 and X.sup.4 each independently represent a single bond, C.sub.1-6 alkylene, etc.; A.sup.2 represents optionally substituted phenyl, etc.; A.sup.1 represents an optionally substituted 5- to 7-membered heterocyclic group containing --C(=Q.sup.1)- (wherein Q.sup.1 represents oxygen, sulfur or .dbd.N--R.sup.11 (wherein R.sup.11 represents hydrogen or C.sub.1-6 alkyl)) and nitrogen, etc.; and Z.sup.1 represents piperidin-diyl, etc.], salts thereof and hydrates of the foregoing.

 
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> Methods of modulating .beta. cell function

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