An apparatus utilizes optical reflectivity (REF) to measure concentrations
in liquids. The REF optical system is packaged in a compact and
cost-effective form factor. An electronic circuit drives the optical
system. The miniaturized REF sensor is situated in an optical-fluidic
cell or an optical-fluidic manifold with an optical window in contact
with the liquid. Changes in a total internal reflection (TIR) signal are
sensitive to temperature and concentration of the liquid. These changes
in the TIR signal are used to accurately determine the concentration in
the liquid. The liquids may be either static or dynamic.