A three-dimensional photonic crystal of the present invention has a complete photonic band gap in a wide wavelength region and that can be easily produced. A three-dimensional photonic crystal in which a plurality of layers including a periodic-refractive-index structure are periodically stacked includes, a first layer having holes provided at lattice points of a first rectangular lattice and a second rectangular lattice, a second layer having columnar structures at lattice points of a face-centered rectangular lattice, a third layer having a periodic structure the same as that of the first layer and disposed at a shifted position, and a fourth layer having a periodic structure the same as that of the second layer.