A soybean cultivar designated 26143837 is disclosed. The invention relates to the seeds of soybean cultivar 26143837, to the plants of soybean 26143837, to plant parts of soybean cultivar 26143837 and to methods for producing a soybean plant produced by crossing soybean cultivar 26143837 with itself or with another soybean cultivar. The invention also relates to methods for producing a soybean plant containing in its genetic material one or more transgenes and to the transgenic soybean plants and plant parts produced by those methods. This invention also relates to soybean cultivars or breeding cultivars and plant parts derived from soybean cultivar 26143837, to methods for producing other soybean cultivars, lines or plant parts derived from soybean cultivar 26143837 and to the soybean plants, varieties, and their parts derived from use of those methods. The invention further relates to hybrid soybean seeds, plants and plant parts produced by crossing cultivar 26143837 with another soybean cultivar.