A charging apparatus having high durability, with no occurrence of rusts or the like, scarcely impaired for the controllability of the charged potential even when contaminants such as a toner are deposited more or less, capable of stably controlling the charged potential on the photoreceptor in an appropriate range for a long time and being inexpensive as well, is provided. A charging apparatus includes a needle electrode, a holding member, two cleaner members, a support member, a moving member, a shield case, and a grid electrode. In the charging apparatus, a nickel plating layer containing polytetrafluoroethylene particles is formed on the surface of the grid electrode.

 
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> Methods and systems employing intracranial electrodes for neurostimulation and/or electroencephalography

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