The present invention provides a method for authenticating at least one Personal Security Device PSD (1040) vis-o-vis at least a first Remote Computer System (1050) over a first network (1045) using at least one Client (1010) as a host to said at least one PSD (1040), said method comprising the steps of: a) establishing at least one communications pipe (1075) over said first network (1045) between said at least one PSD (1040) and said at least first Remote Computer System (1050); and b) running a challenge/response process between said Remote Computer System (1050) and said at least one PSD (1040) through said at least one communications pipe (1075).