Methods and apparatus for closing a left atrial appendage are described.
The methods rely on introducing a closure tool from a location beneath
the rib cage, over an epicardial surface, and to the exterior of the left
atrial appendage. The closure device may then be used to close the left
atrial appendage, preferably at its base, by any one of a variety of
techniques. A specific technique using graspers and a closing loop is
illustrated.