The present invention provides carbohydrate analogs of the formula: ##STR00001## wherein X is CH.sub.2, O, or NH, and R.sub.1-8 are independently H, a short hydrocarbon, a substituted amine, an alcohol, a substituted ether, a substituted amide, a substituted ketone, a substituted carboxylic acid, a short peptide, or a short oligosaccharide, Y is H, a short hydrocarbon, a short peptide, or a short oligosaccharide, and R.sub.9 is H, a short hydrocarbon, a substituted amine, an alcohol, a substituted ether, a substituted amide, a substituted ketone, a carboxylic acid, a short peptide, or a short oligosaccharide.