Apparatus and methods are provided for integrally packaging antennas with
semiconductor IC (integrated circuit) chips to provide highly-integrated
and high-performance radio/wireless communications systems for millimeter
wave applications including, e.g., voice communication, data
communication and radar applications. For example, wireless communication
modules are constructed with IC chips having
receiver/transmitter/transceiver integrated circuits and planar antennas
that are integrally constructed from BEOL (back end of line)
metallization structures of the IC chip.