A bioNEMS device comprises a piezoresistive cantilever having flexing legs
of which attach the cantilever to a support and a biofunctionalized
portion at the tip. A bias current applied to the legs is limited by a
maximal acceptable temperature increase at the biofunctionalized tip. The
length of the cantilever has a magnitude chosen to minimize background
Johnson noise. A catalyzed receptor on the device binds to a ligand whose
binding rate coefficient is enhanced. The catalyst lowers the
receptor-ligand binding activation energy and is designed by forced
evolution to preferentially bind with the ligand. A carrier signal is
injected by a magnetic film disposed on the cantilever which is
electromagnetically coupled to a source of the carrier signal. A
plurality of NEMS fluidicly coupled transducers generate a plurality of
output signals from which a collective output signal is derived, either
by averaging or thresholding. The NEMS devices are disposed in
microfluidic flow channels and fabricated in a membrane. A linking
molecule is attached to the tip of the transducer and a fluffball
attached to the linking molecule to increase damping.