An electrode is provided that is economically produced and capable of efficiently injecting holes. Also provided are a method to form an electrode that is capable of easily manufacturing such an electrode, a highly reliable thin-film transistor, an electronic circuit using this thin-film transistor, an organic electroluminescent element, a display, and electronic equipment. A thin-film transistor is a top-gate thin-film transistor. The thin-film transistor includes a source electrode and a drain electrode that are placed separately from each other. The thin-film transistor also includes an organic semiconductor layer that is laid out between the source electrode and the drain electrode, and a gate insulating layer that is provided between the organic semiconductor layer and a gate electrode. This structure is mounted on a substrate. Each of the source electrode and the drain electrode is composed of two layers, that is, an underlying electrode layer and a surface electrode layer. The surface electrode layer includes an oxide containing at least one of Cu, Ni, Co, Ag.