Light-emitting devices, and related components, systems and methods are disclosed. A light-emitting device can include a multi-layer stack of materials that includes a light-generating region and a first layer supported by the light-generating region. During use of the light-emitting device, light generated by the light-generating region can emerge from the light-emitting device via a surface of the first layer. The surface of the first layer can have a dielectric function that varies spatially as a pattern and at least about 45% of a total amount of light generated by the light-generating region can emerge from the light-emitting device emerges via the surface of the light-emitting device.