The present invention provides an improved system for linking nucleic
acids to one another. In particular, the present invention provides
techniques for producing DNA product molecules that may be easily and
directly ligated to recipient molecules. The product molecules need not
be cleaved with restriction enzymes in order to undergo such ligation. In
preferred embodiments of the invention, the DNA product molecules are
produced through iterative DNA synthesis reactions, so that the product
molecules are amplified products. The invention further provides methods
for directed ligation of product molecules (i.e., for selective ligation
of certain molecules within a collection of molecules), and also for
methods of exon shuffling, in which multiple different product molecules
are produced in a single ligation reaction. Preferred embodiments of the
invention involve ligation of product molecules encoding functional
protein domains, particularly domains naturally found in conserved gene
families. The inventive DNA manipulation system is readily integrated
with other nucleic acid manipulation systems, such as ribozyme-mediated
systems, and also is susceptible to automation.