Apparatus, methods, systems and devices for providing a temperature
independent laser by determining a temperature dependence of a lasing
wavelength, selecting the lasing wavelength having minimal temperature
dependence and constraining the lasing wavelength of the laser device to
the selected lasing wavelength. In an embodiment, a volumetric Bragg
grating in photo-thermal refractive glass is used as a laser cavity
mirror for constraining the laser emission at the selected wavelength.
The laser device may be a broad spectrum laser such as an Er.sup.3+ doped
glass broad spectrum laser. In an embodiment, the lasers are operated
where the temperature dependence of the stimulated emission cross section
is used to compensate for temperature dependent changes of other laser
components.