Magnetoresistive (MR) elements having pinning layers formed from a
permanent magnetic material are disclosed. An MR element of the invention
includes a first pinning layer, a first pinned layer, a first
spacer/barrier layer, a free layer, a second spacer/barrier layer, a
second pinned layer, and a second pinning layer. One of the first pinning
layer or the second pinning layer is formed from a permanent magnetic
material, such as CoPt or CoPtCr. The other of the first pinning layer or
the second pinning layer is formed from an antiferromagnetic (AFM)
material, such as IrMn or PtMn.