This invention is directed to the application of a previously unknown
property of nanomaterials--its ability to enhance protein activity and
stability at high temperatures, in organic solvents, and in polymer
composites. Nanomaterials such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs)
can significantly enhance enzyme function and stability in strongly
denaturing environments. Experimental results and theoretical analysis
reveal that the enhancement in stability is a result of the curvature of
these nanoscale materials, which suppresses unfavorable protein-protein
interactions. The enhanced stability is also exploited in the preparation
of highly stable and active nanocomposite films that resist nonspecific
protein absorption, i.e., inhibit fouling of the films. The
protein-nanoparticles conjugates represent a new generation of highly
selective, active, and stable catalytic materials. Furthermore, the
ability to enhance protein function by interfacing them with
nanomaterials has a profound impact on applications ranging from
biosensing, diagnostics, vaccines, drug delivery, and biochips, to novel
hybrid materials that integrate biotic and abiotic components.