The present invention is directed to a reversible electrochemical sensor
for polyions. The sensor uses active extraction and ion stripping, which
are controlled electrochemically. Spontaneous polyion extraction is
suppressed by using membranes containing highly lipophilic electrolytes
that possess no ion-exchange properties. Reversible extraction of
polyions is induced by constant current pulse of fixed duration applied
across the membrane. Subsequently, polyions are removed by applying a
constant stripping potential. The sensors provide excellent stability and
reversibility and allow for measurements of heparin concentration in
whole blood samples via protamine titration.