One embodiment of the invention provides polyisobutylene (PIB) oligomers
that are end-functionalized with ruthenium (Ru) catalysts. Such nonpolar
catalysts can be dissolved in nonpolar solvents such as heptane, or any
other nonpolar solvent that is otherwise not latently biphasic (i.e., if
two or more solvent components are present, they remain miscible with
each other throughout the entire reaction process, from the addition of
substrate through to the removal of product). Substrate that is dissolved
in the nonpolar solvent with the catalyst is converted into product. The
lower solubility of the product in the nonpolar solvent renders it easily
removable, either by extraction with a more polar solvent or by applying
physical means in cases where the product precipitates from the nonpolar
solvent. In this manner the catalysts are recycled; since the catalysts
remain in the nonpolar solvent, a new reaction can be initiated simply by
dissolving fresh substrate into the nonpolar solvent.