An optoelectronic system for sensing an electric field signal includes an optically modulated scattering module configured to convert an electric field signal into a modulated scattering signal based on an optical modulation signal, an optoelectronic sensing module configured to generate an optical signal upon receiving the modulated scattering signal, an optical detector coupled to the optoelectronic sensing module, a synchronous detection circuit configured to detect the modulated scattering signal received by the optoelectronic sensing module based on an electric modulation signal and a signal processing circuit electrically connected to the synchronous detection circuit for calculating the amplitude and phase of the electric field signal under test. The present optoelectronic system for sensing an electric field signal integrates a low-interference optically modulated scattering module and a low-interference optoelectronic sensing module for sensing the distribution of the electric field under test and provides for low interference and low cost.