In a solid-oxide fuel cell system, a fuel/air manifold conveys air and
tail gas fuel from the anodes in a fuel cell stack assembly to a tail gas
combustor, producing a heated combustor exhaust having the highest mass
flow in the system. The exhaust is passed through a heat exchanger to
warm incoming cathode reaction air, and the exhaust is partially cooled
by the exchange. From the heat exchanger, the exhaust gas is passed
through a tempering jacket space surrounding the fuel cells in the stack.
During start-up of the system, the exhaust gas is hotter than the stack
and so the warm-up period is shortened. During normal operation of the
system, the exhaust gas is cooler than the operating temperature and
therefore cooling of the stack is assisted by contact with the exhaust
gas.