Spin-torque devices are based on a combination of giant magnetoresistance
(GMR) and tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) effects. The basic structure
has various applications, including amplifiers, oscillators, and diodes.
For example, if the low-magnetoresistance (GMR) contact is biased below a
critical value, the device may function as a microwave-frequency
selective amplifier. If the GMR contact is biased above the critical
value, the device may function as a microwave oscillator. A plurality of
low- and high-magnetoresistance contact pairs may be induced to oscillate
in a phase-locked regime, thereby multiplying output power. The frequency
of operation of these devices will be tunable by the external magnetic
field, as well as by the direct bias current, in the frequency range
between 10 and 100 GHz. The devices do not use semiconductor materials
and are expected to be exceptionally radiation-hard, thereby finding
application in military nanoelectronics.