The present invention provides a virus-like particle (VLP) comprising i) a polypeptide comprising a polypeptide of interest (POI) and at least a particle-associating portion of a large envelope (L) polypeptide of an avian hepadnavirus or a functional derivative or homolog thereof, and ii) a small envelope (S) polypeptide of an avian hepadnavirus or a functional derivative or homolog thereof. By introducing one or more POIs into the L polypeptide, the POI is translocated along with L into a particle structure made up primarily of S polypeptide. The present invention furthermore provides methods for producing a recombinant virus-like particle.